IAS16 Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are tangible assets that:

 一 Are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative purposes

 一 Are expected to be used during more than one period

Cost is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the other consideration given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construction.

Residual value is the net amount which the entity expects to obtain for an asset at the end of its useful life after deducting the expected costs of disposal.

Entity specific value is the present value of the cash flows an entity expects to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its disposal at the end of its useful life, or expects to incur

when settling a liability. (IAS 16: para.6)

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in anorderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. (IFRS 13)

Carrying amount is the amount at which an asset is recognised in the statement of financial position after deducting any accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses.

(IAS 16: para.6)

An impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. (IAS 16: para.6)

Recognition criteria:

1. It is probable that future economi benefits associated with the asset will flow to the entity

2. the cost of the asset to the entity can be meausred reliably

Above also apply to subsequent expenditures

Initial measurement at cost:

1. components of cost:

  a. purchase price less any trade discount or rebate

  b. import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes 价款+相关税费

  c. directly attributable costs to bringing the asset to working condition for its intended use,eg:

     -the cost of site preparation 

    -initial delivery and handling costs 运输费

    -installation costs安装费

    -testing 

    -professional fees (architects, engineers) 专业人员服务费

  d. initial estimate of the unaboidable cost of dismanting and removing the asset and restoring the site item of property, plant and equipment

外购成本=价款+相关税费+运输费+装卸费+安增费

Cost not including, below shall be allocated to Expense

1. administration and other general overhead cost

2. start-up and similar pre-prodcution costs

3. initial operating losses before the asset reaches planned performance

Measurement subsequent to initial recognition

1. Cost model-Carry amount

2. Revaluation model- if the fair value of the item can be measured reliably

Depreciation

Land and buildings are dealt with separately even when they are acquired together because land normally has an unlimited life and is therefore not depreciated.

Impairment of asset values: it should be treated in the same way as a revaluation decrease. that it the decrease should be recognised as an expense

The depreciable amount is allocated on a systematic basis over the asset’s useful life

 The residual value, the useful life and the depreciation method of an asset are reviewed annually at reporting date

 Revenue based depreciation is prohibited.

 Depreciation method reflects the pattern in which future economic benefits are expected to be consumed.

 Changes in residual value, depreciation method and useful life are changes in estimates are accounted for prospectively

in accordance with IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors

 Depreciation is charged to profit or loss, unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset

 Depreciation commences when the asset is available for use.

-年数总和法计提折旧, 要先减残值再计算折旧

-接受投资者投入的固定资产，按投资合同或协议约定的价值加上应支付的相关税费作为入账价值（但合同或协议约定的价值不公允的除外）。本题约定价格不公允，所以按照公允价值入账

-弃置费用应按现值计入固定资产。使用期间，弃置费用产生利息应计入财务费用。企业应使用预计负债来核算弃置费用。本题让选择不正确的会计处理，因此选择A选项。
【提示】存在弃置费用的固定资产
借：固定资产
　　贷：在建工程（实际发生的建造成本）
　　　　预计负债（弃置费用的现值）
借：财务费用（每期期初预计负债的摊余成本×实际利率）
　　贷：预计负债
借：预计负债
　　贷：银行存款等（发生弃置费用支出时）

-不需要计提折旧的有：
①提前报废的固定资产；
②已提足折旧但仍继续使用的固定资产；
③转为持有待售的固定资产；
④处于更新改造过程停止使用的固定资产；
⑤当月减少的固定资产，下月不再计提折旧。
--需要计提折旧的有：
①已达到预定可使用状态但尚未办理竣工决算的固定资产；
②未使用、不需用的固定资产；
③因日常修理而停用的固定资产；
④当月增加的固定资产，下月开始计提折旧。

-待摊支出分配率＝累计发生的待摊支出/（建筑工程支出＋安装工程支出＋在安装设备支出）×100%。

-出售固定资产的净损失应记入“资产处置损益”科目；对外捐赠或盘亏形成净损失，是一种与自身生产经营无关的损失，因此计入营业外支出

（出售无形资产，贷 资产处置损益或借记）

-固定资产的出售、转让、报废或毁损、对外投资等，都需要通过“固定资产清理”科目核算；固定资产的盘亏通过“待处理财产损溢”科目核算；固定资产盘盈属于前期差错，通过“以前年度损益调整”科目核算。固定资产处于处置状态，所以要终止确认该项固定资产，将其转入“固定资产清理”科目。

-固定资产发生减值准备，计提折旧的账面价值=原值-折旧-减值准备；固定资产减值准备一经计提，不得转回，处置时才能结转，

-出售持有的机器设备属于存货的核算范围

-双倍余额递减法下，每年年初固定资产原价减去累计折旧后的金额为当年计提折旧的基数，每年的计提基数是不相同的，折旧年限到期前两年内，按固定资产净值扣除预计净残值后的余额平均摊销

自建固定资产：

企业如以自营方式建造固定资产，其成本应当按照实际发生的材料、人工、机械施工费等计量：

(1)企业为建造固定资产准备的各种物资应当按照实际支付的买价、运输费、保险费等相关税费作为实际成本。

(2)建设期间:发生的工程物资盘亏、报废及毁损，减去残料价值以及保险公司、过失人等赔款后的净损失，计入所建工程项目的成本;盘盈的工程物资或处置净收益，冲减所建工程项目的成本。工程完工后发生的工程物资盘盈、盘亏、报废、毁损，计入当期损益。

(3)建造固定资产领用工程物资、原材料或库存商品，应按其实际成本转入所建工程成本。

(4)为建造工程发生的管理费、可行性研究费、临时设施费、公证费、监理费、应负担的税金、符合资本化条件的借款费用、建设期间发生的工程物资盘亏、报废及毁损净损失，以及负荷联合试车费等，计入在建工程项目成本。(此处所指的计入在建工程成本的联合试车费，不包括按存货、收入准则的规定构成产品成本及产品销售收入

固定资产的折旧

1.年限平均法

年折旧额=(原价一预计净残值)/预计使用年限

2.年数总和法

年折旧额=(原价一预计净残值)x尚可使用寿命/预计使用寿命的年数总和

3.工作量法

单位工作量折旧额=（固定资产原值-预计净残值率）÷预计总工作量* 当月工作量

4..双倍余额递减法

年折旧额=（固定资产原值一累计折旧）x2/预计使用年限（最后两年改为直线法，并扣除预计净残值）